Product Inspection The purpose of product inspection is to ensure that the vendor's consignment complies to the contractual requirements. When product safety is involved, the inspection must be conducted with the aid of measuring instruments or testing equipment. The following aspects of the specification form the basis of product judgment: Safety The compliance to safety regulations Performance The electrical, mechanical and general function Appearance The condition of finish, printing and marking Packaging The condition of packing, marking and accessories The pre-shipment inspection is indeed a pre-sale inspection, which is consumer oriented. The inspector judges the acceptability of a product as a prospective customer. Follow the Guide To Effective Sampling when inspecting. The inspector must observe the Defect Classifications below and keep the basis of product judgment in mind while inspecting. Defect Classifications and Buyers' Behavior A defect is classified according to its seriousness. The four categories of defect are: Major Defect Class S (Safety or Critical), Major Defect Class A, Minor Defect Class B, and Incidental Defect Class C. For purpose of defect classification, the customer is distinguished as either any customer or discriminating customer. The any customer refers to any of the customers. The discriminating customer refers to a customer who judges and draws distinction on one product from another. However, instead of a customer making the judgment, the product is to be judged by the inspector who is familiar with the quality requirements and product performance in a specific market. Major Defect - Class S (Safety or Critical) A defect which, under normal conditions of usage, would be hazardous to the user, or a result of the product failing to meet the contractual requirement for product safety is a major defect Class S. One such defect may constitute a basis for rejection of the entire lot. Faulty electrical appliances and products, electronic items, and other products where safety is necessary fall under the Class S defect. For example, the incorrect electrical marking, leakage current from accessible parts too high, and electrical insulation missing or improperly installed. Major Defect - Class A A Class A defect is a defect which, under normal conditions of usage, results in a reduction of electrical or mechanical performance, thus rendering the unit unsaleable to any customer. For example, the socket in a portable lamp is loose which reduces its performance. The product may be inoperative, or does not operate well, or any function is inoperative. For example, the stereo does not function at all, or has excessive hum and buzz, or the volume selector does not work at all. The accessory parts essential for operation is missing. Example of missing parts include the electrical adapter, extension cord, and remote control device. The appearance defect which renders the unit unsaleable to any customer. For example, the packing is severely damaged, a wrong brand name, and packaging and/or product has water marks as a result of exposure to rain. Minor Defect - Class B A defect which, during distribution or use, may result in a reduction in electrical or mechanical performance. For example, the protective cover on the electric bench grinder wobbles when it is running. A defect which under normal conditions of usage renders the unit unsaleable to a discriminating customer. For example, the operating manual of a product is missing. An appearance defect which renders the unit unsaleable to a discriminating customer. For example, the product is dirty or dusty. Incidental Defect - Class C A defect which result in a deviation from specifications but would seldom be objectionable to any customer. For example, the non-permanent finger marks which are easily removed, and the paper label in a product is placed in an inverted position. Inspection Report and Its Implications The inspector records the defect in the inspection report according to its class, as the inspection progresses and the defect is found. Please see the sample Inspection Report below. The Total Demerit Rating under the Contents Of Defects refers to the number of defects found, not the number of units. The unit refers to the unit of product (e.g. piece, set and box). Please see the Single Sampling Plan (MIL-105D). Some traders and vendors, or buyers and sellers (importers and exporters), use such a sampling plan in certain items as a guide in deciding whether to accept or to reject an order. The sampling plan works in conjunction with the Inspection Report. " Lot Size " and " Sample Size " The lot size---batch size or shipment size---is the total units in a consignment. The sample size is the total units of product that have to be drawn from the lot for inspection. Referring to the Single Sampling Plan (MIL-105D), a lot size of 12 requires a sample size of 3, and a lot size of 300 requires a sample size of 50. " AQL% " The AQL stands for the acceptable quality level. In the Single Sampling Plan (MIL-105D), the AQL% ranges from 0.25 to 6.5. The lower the AQL% means the stricter the requirement. The letter A is the acceptance number of the Total Demerit Rating, while letter R is the rejection number. For example, a lot size is 800 and the sample size is 80, if the prior agreement between trader and vendor calls for an AQL% of 0.25, it means that at least one (1) defect found in the lot constitutes grounds for the rejection of the entire lot. The AQL agreement, if any, between trader and vendor (or between importer and exporter) usually calls for two AQL%, that is, one Major and one Minor. For example, a lot size is 5,000, the sample size is 200, and the agreed AQL% for Class A is 0.40 and Class B is 2.5. If the Total Demerit Rating from the Inspection Report for Class A is 3 or more, the lot is rejected. If the Total Demerit Rating for Class B is 11 or more, the lot is rejected too. In other words, if either Major or Minor is rejected, the lot is rejected. On the other hand, if the Total Demerit Rating for Class A is 2 or less and for Class B is 10 or less, the lot is accepted for shipment. In practice, the AQL% is rarely specified for Class C. In the event of many Class C defects and no AQL% is specified, the inspector may decide or refer to the management for a decision. Products with a Class C defect are usually easy to rework. " Description " and " Item No. " Indicate the product to be inspected in the Description (e.g. Photo frames). An inspection report normally is issued to each item number. However, different item numbers belonging to the same group can be treated as one lot. For example, a table lamp has six different colors and each color has an independent item number. One inspection report can be used to cover the group, instead of six reports. " CONTENTS OF DEFECTS " Write the description of the defect on the pertinent defect class and put a Roman numeral one 'I', or a letter 'A', 'S', 'B', or 'C' as the case requires, under the Rating column. At the end of inspection, count the number of defects and record the totals in the Total Demerit Rating, which is used to gauge the acceptance or the rejection of the lot based on the agreed AQL%. Cost Implication of AQL% The lower the AQL%, the higher the cost of production. For example, in the normal production of 1,500 pieces of product X, the manufacturer attains a Major AQL% of 4.0 (i.e., 10 or less Class A defects occur out of 125 pieces of sample). If the buyer requires an AQL% of 0.40 (i.e., 1 defect or none), the manufacturer needs tighter quality control over the incoming components, work in process, and finished goods. It means more time and labor is necessary to produce the product X. Along the course of stringent control, more products are likely to be discarded. Consequently, the cost of goods becomes higher. Sample Form: Inspection Report Remarks: Fields or items in blue color contain links to the explanation. Inspection Report UVW EXPORTS 88 Prosperity Street East, Suite 707 Export-City and Postal Code, Export-Country Tel: (07) 1234-5678 Fax: (07) 1234-8888 E-mail: purchasing@uvwexports(dot) *域名隐藏* Vendor Report No. Date Item No. Brand Lot Size Sample Size Description Sampling 100% Inspection Random Inspection AQL% Major Minor Lot Disposition Accepted for shipment Rejected Others CONTENTS OF DEFECTS MAJOR (Class A or S) Rating MINOR (Class B) Rating A or S Total Demerit Rating --> B Total Demerit Rating --> INCIDENTAL DEFECTS (Class C) Rating C Total Demerit Rating --> Remarks Inspected by Countersigned by Vendor Date
|